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For drilling, surface electrification has been carried out for decades. Electric drill (including AC variable frequency electric drive drilling rig) has long been the mainstream drilling rig at home and abroad. Its advantages are: simple structure, light weight, convenient installation and relocation, low noise, excellent operation performance and low maintenance cost. However, underground electrification has not been carried out in China because it has not solved the two technical bottlenecks of underground power supply and two-way high-speed signal transmission Both at home and abroad are exploring effective ways to break through these two technical bottlenecks and have made some progress, which indicates that the drilling industry will usher in the era of downhole electrification. Downhole electrification is not only the best way to realize downhole intelligence, but also the inevitable choice to replace the high-precision rotary steering drilling system.
New research progress of downhole two-way high-speed communication and downhole power supply technology in drilling industry at home and abroad
"Soft connection" wireline drill pipe
The low transmission rate of downhole data is a major technical bottleneck that has been perplexing drilling. At present, the data transmission rate of mud pulse is generally only 2 ~ 16 bits / s. only a small part of the information collected by near bit geological director, MWD and LWD is transmitted to the surface in real time, and most of the information is stored in the downhole memory and can be provided for analysis after tripping out. Therefore, it can not fully meet the needs of downhole information for real-time formation evaluation.
Nov company of the United States launched a "smart drill pipe" as early as 2007, which is essentially a "soft connection" cabled drill pipe: insert the cable into the drill pipe, and the cables at both ends of the drill pipe joint have an induction ring; After the drill pipe is tightened, the two induction rings are not in direct contact, but realize the high-speed transmission of signals between the drill pipes through the principle of electromagnetic induction. The data transmission rate is as high as 57600 bits / s, which realizes the real-time, high-speed, high-capacity and two-way transmission of data and full wellbore monitoring, representing a major breakthrough in drill pipe technology and downhole information transmission technology. However, its biggest disadvantage is that it only realizes the two-way high-speed transmission of information and can not supply power to the downhole. Moreover, a repeater powered by lithium battery needs to be installed every 350 ~ 450 meters along the drill string to enhance the signal. The potential risk is that once a repeater fails, the signal transmission will be interrupted. Due to the high cost, this "soft connection" wireline drill pipe has been put on the market for more than ten years, and so far there is only a small amount of practical application.
The Engineering Technology Research Institute of CNPC has also developed a "soft connection" wireline information drill pipe prototype and is carrying out field test.
Cabled carbon fiber composite continuous pipe
FIBERSPAR company under Nov launched the cabled carbon fiber composite continuous pipe a few years ago. The power line and signal line are built in the pipe wall to supply power to the underground through the power line, and the real-time, high-speed, high-capacity and two-way transmission of data is realized through the signal line. This kind of wireline continuous pipe also has the advantages of strong corrosion resistance and temperature resistance, light weight and convenient transportation, but its application in drilling has not been reported so far.
The petroleum pipe Engineering Technology Research Institute of CNPC has developed a wireline composite continuous pipe sample suitable for 1500 m well depth, and is also carrying out field tests.
Wireline powered drill pipe
A few years ago, reelwell company of Norway proposed a scheme of cable powered drill pipe (cable powered drill pipe that can supply power to the underground). A layer of insulated copper wire braid is added to the inner wall of ordinary drill pipe, which is braided by 816 independent copper wires. Through these copper wires, power supply and two-way data transmission are realized (copper wire can transmit power and signals - carrier communication technology). A self-cleaning connector is installed at both ends of the braided layer. There are 816 contact points between the braided layer and the connector. Even if some of the contact points go wrong, the power supply and data transmission will not be affected. After the drill pipe is tightly fastened, the two adjacent connectors will realize hard connection (wet
connection), so as to realize the transmission of power and signal between two drill pipes. The replacement of connector is very convenient and can be completed at the well pad. There is no need to install signal repeater along the drill string. The signal transmission rate is not less than 56000 bits / s, and the transmission power is 500 watts, which has the potential to be increased to 3000 watts in the future.
Multiple monitoring instruments powered by copper braid can be placed along the drill string to establish a whole wellbore monitoring network to realize real-time monitoring of the whole wellbore, such as monitoring engineering parameters such as drilling fluid temperature, annulus pressure, drill string speed and vibration, which is conducive to timely early warning and improve operation safety.
The field test shows that the cable powered drill pipe is reliable in power supply and signal two-way high-speed transmission, and its operation is the same as that of ordinary drill pipe. This is a major breakthrough or a new revolution in drill pipe technology and downhole information transmission technology, which is expected to be put into commercial application soon.
Downhole electric revolution will accelerate the intellectualization of drilling industry
Today's rotary steering drilling system is a high-precision system of electromechanical hydraulic integration. Its structure is complex, its research and development is very difficult and risky, and its use cost is very high. There are only a few companies in the world that really master this sophisticated technology, with Schlumberger, Baker Hughes and Halliburton in the leading and monopoly position.
In order to simplify the structure of rotary steering drilling system and reduce its cost, companies at home and abroad are exploring new technical routes. The successful research and development of wireline powered drill pipe breaks through the above two technical bottlenecks, which is bound to effectively promote the research and development of downhole electric intelligent steering drilling system. It is an underground electric intelligent guidance robot, which can be rotary guidance type. The rotating power comes from the ground and has little demand for power; It can also be downhole driven, and the rotating power comes from downhole power drilling tools such as screw drilling tools and downhole electric drilling tools. Compared with today's rotary steering drilling system, the downhole electric intelligent steering drilling system powered by cable has the following advantages:
The structure is obviously simplified. With the power supply from the ground, the underground electric intelligent steering drilling system does not rely on the underground turbine generator for power generation, and the electromechanical hydraulic integrated steering mechanism is no longer used, but the all electric steering mechanism with simple structure. Lithium battery, encoder, decoder, pulse generator, data memory, CPU, etc. are no longer needed, which can significantly improve the temperature resistance of underground system.
Strong guidance ability. The electric intelligent guiding mechanism is close to the drill bit, with strong guiding ability and wide slope range.
It is easier to realize real-time, visualization, automation, intelligence and remoteness. Through the cable, all kinds of underground information collected can be uploaded to the ground in real time, which makes it easier to realize the closed-loop control and intelligent guidance of the underground electric intelligent steering drilling system. The ground personnel and the future remote intelligent control center can master the attitude, working condition and geological conditions of the underground electric intelligent steering drilling system in real time, It can intuitively operate the downhole electric intelligent steering drilling system. Compared with rotary steering, the intelligent steering algorithm based on downhole power drilling tool is much simpler.
The orientation is more efficient, accurate and economical. The steering mechanism can automatically or even autonomously fine tune frequently, so as to improve the steering accuracy and efficiency and reservoir penetration rate. The wellbore quality is obviously better than the traditional steering screw drilling tool and no less than the rotary steering drilling system.
Looking forward to the future, the wireline drill pipe and wireline continuous pipe that can supply power to the underground will be popularized and applied; Downhole electric intelligent steering drilling system is expected to replace today's high-precision rotary steering drilling system to a great extent; There will be a new profound revolution in drilling - underground electric revolution; Surface electrification + downhole electrification will open the era of full electrification of drilling, which is more conducive to the intelligent era of drilling industry.
(Yang Jinhua, Institute of Petroleum Science and technology, China Petroleum Economic and Technological Research Institute)Source: Petroleum Daily 2021(Autonomous translation)
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